What Is This Aspect of Renaissance Art Was Different From the Symbolism of Art From the Middle Ages

Visual arts produced during the European Renaissance

Renaissance art (1350 - 1620 AD^[i]) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about Advertisement 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, scientific discipline, and technology. Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying gimmicky scientific knowledge. Along with Renaissance humanist philosophy, it spread throughout Europe, affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities. For art historians, Renaissance fine art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern historic period.

The torso of art, painting, sculpture, compages, music, and literature identified as "Renaissance fine art" was primarily produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe nether the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more than individualistic view of man. Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with medieval values, as is suggested by the French word renaissance, literally pregnant "rebirth". Rather, historical sources propose that interest in nature, humanistic learning, and individualism were already present in the belatedly medieval period and became dominant in 15th- and 16th-century Italia, concurrently with social and economical changes such as the secularization of daily life, the rise of a rational coin-credit economic system, and greatly increased social mobility. In many parts of Europe, Early on Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval fine art.

Origins [edit]

Many influences on the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century have been credited with the emergence of Renaissance fine art; they are the same as those that affected philosophy, literature, architecture, theology, scientific discipline, government and other aspects of society. The following list presents a summary of changes to social and cultural weather condition which have been identified as factors which contributed to the development of Renaissance art. Each is dealt with more fully in the main articles cited above. The scholars of Renaissance period focused on nowadays life and ways to make human being life evolve and improve in its entirety. They did not pay much attention to medieval philosophy or religion. During this period, scholars and humanists like Erasmus, Dante and Petrarch criticized superstitious beliefs and also questioned them. ^[two] The concept of instruction likewise widened its spectrum and focused more on creating 'an platonic human' who would accept a off-white understanding of arts, music, poesy and literature and would have the power to capeesh these aspects of life. During this period, in that location emerged a scientific outlook which helped people question the needless rituals of the church.

• Classical texts, lost to European scholars for centuries, became available. These included documents of philosophy, prose, poetry, drama, science, a thesis on the arts, and early Christian theology.
• Europe gained admission to advanced mathematics, which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars.
• The appearance of movable blazon press in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily, and an increasing number of books were written for a broader public.
• The establishment of the Medici Banking company and the subsequent merchandise information technology generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city, Florence.
• Cosimo de' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts, not associated with the church or monarchy.
• Humanist philosophy meant that man's relationship with humanity, the universe and God was no longer the sectional province of the church building.
• A revived interest in the Classics brought nearly the kickoff archaeological report of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello. The revival of a style of compages based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture, which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello.
• The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Belgian artists such as Robert Campin, January van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting furnishings on painting practices worldwide.
• The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of creative genius, about notably Masaccio, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Piero della Francesca, Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the peachy masters of the High Renaissance, as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve piece of work of boggling quality.^[3]
• A similar heritage of artistic accomplishment occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family, their influential in-police force Mantegna, Giorgione, Titian and Tintoretto.^{[3] [4] [v]}
• The publication of ii treatises by Leone Battista Alberti, De pictura ("On Painting") in 1435 and De re aedificatoria ("Ten Books on Architecture") in 1452.

History [edit]

Proto-Renaissance in Italy, 1280–1400 [edit]

In Italy in the belatedly 13th and early 14th centuries, the sculpture of Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano, working at Pisa, Siena and Pistoia shows markedly classicising tendencies, probably influenced by the familiarity of these artists with ancient Roman sarcophagi. Their masterpieces are the pulpits of the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa.

Gimmicky with Giovanni Pisano, the Florentine painter Giotto developed a manner of figurative painting that was unprecedentedly naturalistic, 3-dimensional, lifelike and classicist, when compared with that of his contemporaries and teacher Cimabue. Giotto, whose greatest work is the cycle of the Life of Christ at the Arena Chapel in Padua, was seen by the 16th-century biographer Giorgio Vasari as "rescuing and restoring art" from the "crude, traditional, Byzantine style" prevalent in Italian republic in the 13th century.

Early Renaissance in Italy, 1400–1495 [edit]

Donatello, David (1440s?) Museo Nazionale del Bargello.

Although both the Pisanos and Giotto had students and followers, the first truly Renaissance artists were not to emerge in Florence until 1401 with the contest to sculpt a set of bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral, which drew entries from vii young sculptors including Brunelleschi, Donatello and the winner, Lorenzo Ghiberti. Brunelleschi, well-nigh famous as the architect of the dome of Florence Cathedral and the Church of San Lorenzo, created a number of sculptural works, including a life-sized crucifix in Santa Maria Novella, renowned for its naturalism. His studies of perspective are thought to have influenced the painter Masaccio. Donatello became renowned as the greatest sculptor of the Early Renaissance, his masterpieces being his humanist and unusually erotic statue of David, one of the icons of the Florentine republic, and his bully monument to Gattamelata, the first large equestrian bronze to be created since Roman times.

The contemporary of Donatello, Masaccio, was the painterly descendant of Giotto and began the Early Renaissance in Italian painting in 1425, furthering the trend towards solidity of class and naturalism of confront and gesture that Giotto had begun a century earlier. From 1425–1428, Masaccio completed several console paintings but is best known for the fresco cycle that he began in the Brancacci Chapel with the older artist Masolino and which had profound influence on later painters, including Michelangelo. Masaccio's developments were carried forward in the paintings of Fra Angelico, specially in his frescos at the Convent of San Marco in Florence.

The treatment of the elements of perspective and lite in painting was of particular concern to 15th-century Florentine painters. Uccello was and so obsessed with trying to achieve an appearance of perspective that, according to Giorgio Vasari, it disturbed his sleep. His solutions can be seen in his masterpiece set of three paintings, the Battle of San Romano, which is believed to accept been completed by 1460. Piero della Francesca made systematic and scientific studies of both light and linear perspective, the results of which can be seen in his fresco cycle of The History of the Truthful Cross in San Francesco, Arezzo.

In Naples, the painter Antonello da Messina began using oil paints for portraits and religious paintings at a date that preceded other Italian painters, mayhap almost 1450. He carried this technique north and influenced the painters of Venice. One of the almost significant painters of Northern Italy was Andrea Mantegna, who decorated the interior of a room, the Camera degli Sposi for his patron Ludovico Gonzaga, setting portraits of the family and courtroom into an illusionistic architectural space.

The end catamenia of the Early Renaissance in Italian art is marked, like its beginning, past a item committee that drew artists together, this time in cooperation rather than competition. Pope Sixtus IV had rebuilt the Papal Chapel, named the Sistine Chapel in his honour, and commissioned a grouping of artists, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Cosimo Rosselli to decorate its wall with fresco cycles depicting the Life of Christ and the Life of Moses. In the sixteen large paintings, the artists, although each working in his individual way, agreed on principles of format, and utilised the techniques of lighting, linear and atmospheric perspective, anatomy, foreshortening and characterisation that had been carried to a loftier point in the large Florentine studios of Ghiberti, Verrocchio, Ghirlandaio and Perugino.

Early Netherlandish art, 1425–1525 [edit]

The painters of the Low Countries in this menstruum included Jan van Eyck, his brother Hubert van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes. Their painting developed partly independently of Early Italian Renaissance painting, and without the influence of a deliberate and conscious striving to revive antiquity.

The style of painting grew directly out of medieval painting in tempera, on panels and illuminated manuscripts, and other forms such as stained glass; the medium of fresco was less mutual in northern Europe. The medium used was oil paint, which had long been utilised for painting leather ceremonial shields and accoutrements because it was flexible and relatively durable. The earliest Netherlandish oil paintings are meticulous and detailed like tempera paintings. The material lent itself to the depiction of tonal variations and texture, so facilitating the observation of nature in keen detail.

The Netherlandish painters did non approach the creation of a picture through a framework of linear perspective and correct proportion. They maintained a medieval view of hierarchical proportion and religious symbolism, while delighting in a realistic treatment of material elements, both natural and human-made. January van Eyck, with his brother Hubert, painted The Altarpiece of the Mystical Lamb. Information technology is probable that Antonello da Messina became familiar with Van Eyck's work, while in Naples or Sicily. In 1475, Hugo van der Goes' Portinari Altarpiece arrived in Florence, where it was to have a profound influence on many painters, about immediately Domenico Ghirlandaio, who painted an altarpiece imitating its elements.

A very pregnant Netherlandish painter towards the stop of the period was Hieronymus Bosch, who employed the type of fanciful forms that were often utilized to decorate borders and letters in illuminated manuscripts, combining plant and beast forms with architectonic ones. When taken from the context of the illumination and peopled with humans, these forms give Bosch'southward paintings a surreal quality which take no parallel in the piece of work of any other Renaissance painter. His masterpiece is the triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights.

Early Renaissance in French republic, 1375–1528 [edit]

The artists of France (including duchies such as Burgundy) were oft associated with courts, providing illuminated manuscripts and portraits for the dignity also as devotional paintings and altarpieces. Among the most famous were the Limbourg brothers, Flemish illuminators and creators of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry manuscript illumination. Jean Fouquet, painter of the royal courtroom, visited Italian republic in 1437 and reflects the influence of Florentine painters such as Paolo Uccello. Although best known for his portraits such equally that of Charles Seven of France, Fouquet also created illuminations, and is idea to exist the inventor of the portrait miniature.

There were a number of artists at this date who painted famed altarpieces, that are stylistically quite distinct from both the Italian and the Flemish. These include 2 enigmatic figures, Enguerrand Quarton, to whom is ascribed the Pieta of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, and Jean Hey, otherwise known every bit "the Chief of Moulins" after his most famous work, the Moulins Altarpiece. In these works, realism and close observation of the human effigy, emotions and lighting are combined with a medieval formality, which includes gilt backgrounds.

High Renaissance in Italy, 1495–1520 [edit]

The "universal genius" Leonardo da Vinci was to further perfect the aspects of pictorial art (lighting, linear and atmospheric perspective, beefcake, foreshortening and characterisation) that had preoccupied artists of the Early Renaissance, in a lifetime of studying and meticulously recording his observations of the natural world. His adoption of oil paint as his primary media meant that he could draw lite and its effects on the landscape and objects more naturally and with greater dramatic consequence than had ever been done before, as demonstrated in the Mona Lisa (1503–1506). His autopsy of cadavers carried forward the agreement of skeletal and muscular anatomy, equally seen in the unfinished Saint Jerome in the Wilderness (c. 1480). His delineation of human emotion in The Last Supper, completed 1495–1498, gear up the benchmark for religious painting.

The art of Leonardo's younger contemporary Michelangelo took a very different direction. Michelangelo in neither his painting nor his sculpture demonstrates whatsoever interest in the observation of whatever natural object except the homo body. He perfected his technique in depicting it, while in his early on twenties, by the creation of the enormous marble statue of David and the group Pietà, in the St Peter's Basilica, Rome. He then set nigh an exploration of the expressive possibilities of the human anatomy. His commission past Pope Julius Ii to pigment the Sistine Chapel ceiling resulted in the supreme masterpiece of figurative composition, which was to take profound effect on every subsequent generation of European artists.^{[half dozen]} His after work, The Last Judgement, painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel between 1534 and 1541, shows a Mannerist (also called Tardily Renaissance) style with generally elongated bodies which took over from the Loftier Renaissance style between 1520 and 1530.

Standing alongside Leonardo and Michelangelo as the third nifty painter of the High Renaissance was the younger Raphael, who in a brusk lifespan painted a smashing number of life-similar and engaging portraits, including those of Pope Julius Ii and his successor Pope Leo X, and numerous portrayals of the Madonna and Christ Child, including the Sistine Madonna. His death in 1520 at age 37 is considered by many art historians to be the stop of the High Renaissance period, although some individual artists continued working in the High Renaissance style for many years thereafter.

In Northern Italy, the High Renaissance is represented primarily by members of the Venetian school, especially past the latter works of Giovanni Bellini, particularly religious paintings, which include several big altarpieces of a blazon known every bit "Sacred Conversation", which show a group of saints around the enthroned Madonna. His gimmicky Giorgione, who died at nearly the age of 32 in 1510, left a minor number of enigmatic works, including The Tempest, the subject area of which has remained a affair of speculation. The earliest works of Titian engagement from the era of the High Renaissance, including a massive altarpiece The Assumption of the Virgin which combines homo action and drama with spectacular colour and atmosphere. Titian continued painting in a generally High Renaissance style until near the end of his career in the 1570s, although he increasingly used colour and light over line to define his figures.

High german Renaissance art [edit]

German Renaissance art falls into the broader category of the Renaissance in Northern Europe, also known equally the Northern Renaissance. Renaissance influences began to appear in German art in the 15th century, but this trend was non widespread. Gardner's Fine art Through the Ages identifies Michael Pacher, a painter and sculptor, every bit the first High german artist whose work begins to show Italian Renaissance influences. According to that source, Pacher'southward painting, St. Wolfgang Forces the Devil to Agree His Prayerbook (c. 1481), is Late Gothic in style, just also shows the influence of the Italian artist Mantegna.^[7]

In the 1500s, Renaissance art in Germany became more common equally, according to Gardner, "The art of northern Europe during the sixteenth century is characterized by a sudden awareness of the advances fabricated by the Italian Renaissance and by a desire to assimilate this new fashion equally apace as possible."^[8] One of the all-time known practitioners of German Renaissance fine art was Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), whose fascination with classical ideas led him to Italy to report fine art. Both Gardner and Russell recognized the importance of Dürer's contribution to German art in bringing Italian Renaissance styles and ideas to Deutschland.^{[9] [x]} Russell calls this "Opening the Gothic windows of German art,"^[nine] while Gardner calls it Dürer's "life mission."^[10] Importantly, as Gardner points out, Dürer "was the showtime northern artist who fully understood the basic aims of the southern Renaissance,"^[ten] although his style did not always reverberate that. The same source says that Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543) successfully assimilated Italian ideas while also keeping "northern traditions of shut realism."^[xi] This is assorted with Dürer's tendency to work in "his own native German style"^[x] instead of combining German and Italian styles. Other of import artists of the German Renaissance were Matthias Grünewald, Albrecht Altdorfer and Lucas Cranach the Elder.^[12]

Artisans such as engravers became more concerned with aesthetics rather than simply perfecting their crafts. Germany had chief engravers, such as Martin Schongauer, who did metallic engravings in the tardily 1400s. Gardner relates this mastery of the graphic arts to advances in printing which occurred in Germany, and says that metal engraving began to replace the woodcut during the Renaissance.^[13] However, some artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, continued to do woodcuts. Both Gardner and Russell describe the fine quality of Dürer's woodcuts, with Russell stating in The World of Dürer that Dürer "elevated them into high works of art."^[9]

Britain [edit]

U.k. was very belatedly to develop a singled-out Renaissance style and almost artists of the Tudor court were imported foreigners, usually from the Low Countries, including Hans Holbein the Younger, who died in England. Ane exception was the portrait miniature, which artists including Nicholas Hilliard developed into a distinct genre well before information technology became popular in the rest of Europe. Renaissance fine art in Scotland was similarly dependent on imported artists, and largely restricted to the courtroom.

Themes and symbolism [edit]

Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of themes. Religious altarpieces, fresco cycles, and small works for private devotion were very popular. For inspiration, painters in both Italy and northern Europe ofttimes turned to Jacobus de Voragine'due south Golden Legend (1260), a highly influential source book for the lives of saints that had already had a strong influence on Medieval artists. The rebirth of classical antiquity and Renaissance humanism likewise resulted in many mythological and history paintings. Ovidian stories, for instance, were very popular. Decorative ornament, oftentimes used in painted architectural elements, was especially influenced by classical Roman motifs.

Techniques [edit]

• The apply of proportion – The kickoff major handling of the painting as a window into space appeared in the work of Giotto di Bondone, at the beginning of the 14th century. True linear perspective was formalized later on, by Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti. In addition to giving a more than realistic presentation of art, information technology moved Renaissance painters into composing more paintings.
• Foreshortening – The term foreshortening refers to the artistic issue of shortening lines in a drawing so as to create an illusion of depth.
• Sfumato – The term sfumato was coined by Italian Renaissance creative person Leonardo da Vinci and refers to a fine art painting technique of blurring or softening of sharp outlines past subtle and gradual blending of i tone into another through the apply of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This stems from the Italian discussion sfumare meaning to evaporate or to fade out. The Latin origin is fumare, to smoke.
• Chiaroscuro – The term chiaroscuro refers to the fine fine art painting modeling result of using a potent dissimilarity between light and night to give the illusion of depth or iii-dimensionality. This comes from the Italian words meaning light (chiaro) and nighttime (scuro), a technique which came into wide apply in the Bizarre period.

Listing of Renaissance artists [edit]

Italian republic [edit]

• Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337)
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446)
• Masolino (c. 1383 – c. 1447)
• Donatello (c. 1386 – 1466)
• Pisanello (c. 1395 – c. 1455)
• Fra Angelico (c. 1395 – 1455)
• Paolo Uccello (1397–1475)
• Masaccio (1401–1428)
• Leone Battista Alberti (1404–1472)
• Filippo Lippi (c. 1406 – 1469)
• Domenico Veneziano (c. 1410 – 1461)
• Piero della Francesca (c. 1415 – 1492)
• Andrea del Castagno (c. 1421 – 1457)
• Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421 – 1497)
• Alessio Baldovinetti (1425–1499)
• Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1429 - 1498)
• Antonello da Messina (c. 1430 – 1479)
• Giovanni Bellini (c.1430 - 1516)
• Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431 – 1506)
• Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435 – 1488)
• Giovanni Santi (1435–1494)
• Carlo Crivelli (c. 1435 – c. 1495)
• Donato Bramante (1444 - 1514)
• Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445 – 1510)
• Luca Signorelli (c. 1445 – 1523)
• Biagio d'Antonio (1446–1516)
• Pietro Perugino (1446–1523)
• Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–1494)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
• Pinturicchio (1454-1513)
• Filippino Lippi (1457-1504)
• Andrea Solari (1460–1524)
• Piero di Cosimo (1462–1522)
• Vittore Carpaccio (1465-1526)
• Bernardino de' Conti (1465–1525)
• Giorgione (c. 1473 - 1510)
• Michelangelo (1475–1564)
• Lorenzo Lotto (1480 - 1557)
• Raphael (1483–1520)
• Marco Cardisco (c. 1486 – c. 1542)
• Titian (c. 1488/1490 – 1576)
• Corregio (c. 1489 – 1534)
• Pietro Negroni (c. 1505 – c. 1565)
• Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532 – 1625)

Low Countries [edit]

• Hubert van Eyck (1366?–1426)
• Robert Campin (c. 1380 – 1444)
• Limbourg brothers (fl. 1385–1416)
• Jan van Eyck (1385?–1440?)
• Rogier van der Weyden (1399/1400–1464)
• Jacques Daret (c. 1404 – c. 1470)
• Petrus Christus (1410/1420–1472)
• Dirk Bouts (1415–1475)
• Hugo van der Goes (c. 1430/1440 – 1482)
• Hans Memling (c. 1430 – 1494)
• Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516)
• Gerard David (c. 1455 – 1523)
• Geertgen tot Sint Jans (c. 1465 – c. 1495)
• Quentin Matsys (1466–1530)
• Jean Bellegambe (c. 1470 – 1535)
• Joachim Patinir (c. 1480 – 1524)
• Adriaen Isenbrant (c. 1490 – 1551)

Germany [edit]

• Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1460 – 1524)
• Matthias Grünewald (c. 1470 – 1528)
• Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528)
• Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472–1553)
• Hans Burgkmair (1473–1531)
• Jerg Ratgeb (c. 1480 – 1526)
• Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480 – 1538)
• Leonhard Beck (c. 1480 – 1542)
• Hans Baldung (c. 1480 – 1545)
• Wilhelm Stetter (1487–1552)
• Barthel Bruyn the Elder (1493–1555)
• Ambrosius Holbein (1494–1519)
• Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1497 – 1543)
• Conrad Faber von Kreuznach (c. 1500 – c. 1553)
• Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515–1586)

French republic [edit]

• Enguerrand Quarton (c. 1410 – c. 1466)
• Barthélemy d'Eyck (c. 1420 – later 1470)
• Jean Fouquet (1420–1481)
• Simon Marmion (c. 1425 – 1489)
• Nicolas Froment (c. 1435 – c. 1486)
• Jean Hey (fl. c. 1475 – c. 1505)
• Jean Clouet (1480–1541)
• François Clouet (c. 1510 – 1572)

Spain and Portugal [edit]

• Jaume Huguet (1412–1492)
• Nuno Gonçalves (c. 1425 – c. 1491)
• Bartolomé Bermejo (c. 1440 – c. 1501)
• Paolo da San Leocadio (1447 – c. 1520)
• Pedro Berruguete (c. 1450 – 1504)
• Ayne Bru
• Juan de Flandes (c. 1460 – c. 1519)
• Luis de Morales (1512–1586)
• Alonso Sánchez Coello (1531–1588)
• El Greco (1541–1614)
• Grão Vasco (1475-1542)
• Gregório Lopes (1490-1550)
• Francisco de Holanda (1517-1585)
• Cristóvão Lopes (1516-1594)
• Cristóvão de Figueiredo (?-c.1543)
• Jorge Afonso (1470-1540)
• António de Holanda (1480-1571)
• Cristóvão de Morais

Venetian Dalmatia (mod Croatia) [edit]

• Giorgio da Sebenico (c. 1410 – 1475)
• Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino (1418–1506)
• Andrea Alessi (1425–1505)
• Francesco Laurana (c. 1430 – 1502)
• Giovanni Dalmata (c. 1440 – c. 1514)
• Nicholas of Ragusa (1460? – 1517)
• Andrea Schiavone (c. 1510/1515 – 1563)

Works [edit]

• Ghent Altarpiece, by Hubert and Jan van Eyck
• The Arnolfini Portrait, by Jan van Eyck
• The Werl Triptych, by Robert Campin
• The Portinari Triptych, by Hugo van der Goes
• The Descent from the Cross, by Rogier van der Weyden
• Flagellation of Christ, past Piero della Francesca
• Spring, by Sandro Botticelli
• Lamentation of Christ, by Mantegna
• The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci
• The Schoolhouse of Athens, by Raphael
• Sistine Chapel ceiling, by Michelangelo
• Equestrian Portrait of Charles 5, past Titian
• Isenheim Altarpiece, by Matthias Grünewald
• Melencolia I, by Albrecht Dürer
• The Ambassadors, by Hans Holbein the Younger
• Melun Diptych, by Jean Fouquet
• Saint Vincent Panels, past Nuno Gonçalves

Major collections [edit]

• National Gallery, London, Great britain
• Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain
• Uffizi, Florence, Italy
• Louvre, Paris, France
• National Gallery of Art, Washington, United states of america
• Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Germany
• Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, United states of america
• Imperial Museums of Fine Arts of Kingdom of belgium, Belgium, Brussels
• Groeningemuseum, Bruges, Kingdom of belgium
• Old St. John's Hospital, Bruges, Kingdom of belgium
• Bargello, Florence, Italy
• Château d'Écouen (National museum of the Renaissance), Écouen, French republic
• Vatican museums, Vatican city
• Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, Italy

Encounter also [edit]

• Danube school
• Forlivese schoolhouse of art
• History of painting
• Mughal art
• Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
• Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

References [edit]

1. ^ "Renaissance". encyclopedia.com. June 18, 2018. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
2. ^ "What were the impacts of Renaissance on art, architecture, science?". PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Manufactures for Eternity. 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2021-10-19 .
3. ^ ^{a b} Frederick Hartt, A History of Italian Renaissance Art, (1970)
4. ^ Michael Baxandall, Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italia, (1974)
5. ^ Margaret Aston, The Fifteenth Century, the Prospect of Europe, (1979)
6. ^ https://world wide web.laetitiana.co.uk/2014/07/introduction-to-renaissance-movement.html
7. ^ Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Art Through the Ages (6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 555. ISBN0-15-503753-half dozen.
8. ^ Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard Thousand (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Art Through the Ages (6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 556–557. ISBN0-15-503753-6.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Russell, Francis (1967). The World of Dürer . Time Life Books, Fourth dimension Inc. p. 9.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Fine art Through the Ages (6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Caryatid Jovanovich. pp. 561. ISBN0-15-503753-6.
11. ^ Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard Chiliad (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Art Through the Ages (6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 564. ISBN0-fifteen-503753-6.
12. ^ Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard M (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Art Through the Ages (6th ed.). New York: Harcourt Caryatid Jovanovich. pp. 557. ISBN0-xv-503753-6.
13. ^ Gardner, Helen; De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G (1975). "The Renaissance in Northern Europe". Art Through the Ages (sixth ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 555–556. ISBN0-fifteen-503753-6.

External links [edit]

• The Early Renaissance
• "Express Liberty", Marica Hall, Berfrois, two March 2011.

shaffereverchist.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art